jab… tab - When… Then

जब मैं घर आऊँगा तब खाऊँगा jab main ghar aaoongaa tab khaaoongaa
- When I come home then (I) will eat (Said by a Male)
जब मैं घर आऊँगा jab main ghar aaoongaa - When I come home, and then just after we’ve said तब खाऊँगा tab khaaoongaa - Then I will eat.
We can drop the मैं main - I, in the second part of the sentence because it refers to the same person from the first part of the sentence. We usually drop the ‘then’ in English too and simply say ‘When I come home I will eat’, but in Hindi we always have to use तब tab! Are you with me? Ready to see another example?

तो to - So / Then + Comparing

तो to.
तो to has two general uses, so let’s look at them one at a time.




Image source
तो आप संजय हैं? to aap sanjay hain?
- So, you’re Sanjay?
 starting the sentence with तो to is just like starting an English sentence with ‘so’.

Plural and singular to nouns

Masculine Nouns

• If the noun ends with आ aa then drop the आ aa and add ए e.

• If not then the word doesn’t change at all!

Feminine Nouns

• If the noun ends with ई ee then drop the ई ee and add इयाँ iyaan.

• If not then simply add एँ en to the end!

Masculine Nouns


For Masculine Type 1 Nouns: (If the noun ends with आ -aa)
Singular Case.
We simply drop the आ aa from the end of the noun and add an ए e. So for example…

लड़का larkaa - ‘Boy’ in the oblique case becomes लड़के larke.

केला kelaa - ‘Banana’ in the oblique case becomes केले kele.


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Plural case.
Here We simply drop the ए e from the end of the noun and add an ओं on. So for example, looking at the same words just above, we have…

लड़के larke - ‘Boys’ in the oblique case becomes लड़कों larkon.

केले kele - ‘Bananas’ in the oblique case becomes केलों kelon.
Phew got that so far? Can you see that in fact the oblique case of the singular form is actually the same as the plural form of the word? That can make it a little confusing so try not get mixed up! Ready to carry on?

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For Masculine Type 2 Nouns: (If the noun ends with anything else)
Singular Case.

This one is the easiest ever - the word doesn’t change at all! So for example…

पलंग palang - ‘Bed’ in the oblique case stays exactly the same!

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Plural Case:
This case is also quite straight forward, we simply add औं on to the end of the word! So we have, for example…

पलंग palang - ‘Beds’ in the oblique case becomes पलंगों palangon

अनानास anaanaas - ‘Pineapples’ in the oblique case becomes अनानासों anaanaason
Phew are you still following? That’s all Masculine nouns done so we’re half way there! I know this lesson is very long but don’t worry we can do it! Ready to learn about Feminine nouns? Great, here goes!
                    


                                                 ****



Feminine Nouns



For Feminine Type 1 Nouns: (If the noun ends with ई -ee)
Singular Case:
This is another super easy one - the word doesn’t change at all! So for example…

चाबी caabee- ‘Key’ in the oblique case stays exactly the same

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Plural Case:
In this case we drop the इयाँ iyaan from the end of the word and add इयों iyon. So for example…

चाबियाँ caabeeyaan - ‘Keys’ in the oblique becomes चाबियों caabeeyon


कुरसियाँ kursiyaan - ‘Chairs’ in the oblique becomes कुरसियों kursiyon

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For Feminine Type 2 Nouns: (If the noun ends with anything else)
Singular Case:
This is another super easy one because the word doesn’t change! For example…

किताब kitaab - ‘Book’ stays exactly the same in the oblique!


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Plural Case:
Here we simply drop the एँ en from the end of the word and add ओं on! So for example…

किताबें kitaaben - ‘Books’ in the oblique becomes किताबों kitaabon


मेज़ें mezen - ‘Tables’ in the oblique becomes मेज़ों mezon

Like the many prepostitions in English (e.g. in, at, on, under, below, of etc.) in Hindi there exist the so called postpositions, playing the same role as the English prepostitions, having the same meaning, but with the only difference that they stay after the noun not before it. For example in English we say "In London", but in Hindi that would be "London in" (London men).

In Hindi there are two cases: The Direct case and The Oblique case. When a word is used with a postposition it is in the Oblique case, in all other cases it is in the Direct case. The Direct case is kind of the same case as Nominative in many European languages. Here are some postpositions:

में(me~) = In
से (se) = From
का (ka) = Of
को (ko) = Not really translatable. Used to build Dative and Accusative. I'll explain a little below.

In the previous lessons, I gave many nouns. Their forms are the main forms, i.e. they're in the Direct case. I explained also that masculine nouns ending in -a become in the plural the ending -i. That's the general rule. However there are words, which do not end in -a and I havn't explained the plural of feminine, so here it goes:

Singular and Plural of Nouns in the Direct Case:

Masculine: Ending in -a

Singular: लडका (larka) = boy
Plural: लडके (larke) = boys

Masculine: Ending in other vowel (very few):

Singular: गुरु (guru) = teacher
Plural: गुरु (guru) = teacher

Masculine: Ending in a consonant

Singular: दोस्त (dost) = friend
Plural: दोस्त (dost) = friends

Feminine: Ending in -i

Singluar: लडकी (larki) = girl
Plural: लडकिया (larkiya) = girls

Feminine: Ending in a consonant

Singular: किताब (kitab) = book
Plural: किताबें (kitabe~) = books

Feminine: Ending in -a or -u

Singular: आध्यापीका (adhyapika) = female teacher
Plural: आध्यापीकाएं (adhyapikae~) = female teachers

All the sentences I gave in past lessons can be easily turned into plurals now or in some cases the sentences are even in plural since some words don't change in plural. Let me show you some examples:

लडकिया अच्छी रोटी खातीं हैं. (larkiya acchi roti khati~ hai~). = The girls eat tasty bread.
लडके अच्छी रोटी खाते हैं. (larke acchi roti khate hai~) = The boys eat tasty bread.
ये बडे घर हैं. (Ye bare ghar hai~) = These are big houses.
वे सुन्दर लडकिया हैं. (Ve sundar larkiya hai~) = Those (they) are pretty girls.
वे लडकिया सुन्दर हैं. (Ve larkiya sundar hai~) = Those girls are pretty.

Now for the oblique case. Nouns change in singular and plural in the oblique case as well. Here is the explanation (to make it easier for you, I'll use the same words as in the examples of direct case above):

Singular and Plural of Nouns in the Oblique Case:

Masculine: Ending in -a

Singular: लडके (larke)
Plural: लडकों (larko~)

Masculine: Ending in other vowel (very few):

Singular: गुरु (guru)
Plural: गुरुओं(guruo~)
(for "admi" /man/ it'll be "admiyo~" - आदमियों)

Masculine: Ending in a consonant

Singular: दोस्त (dost)
Plural: दोस्तों (dosto~)

Feminine: Ending in -i

Singluar: लडकी (ladki)
Plural: लडकियों (ladkiyo~)

Feminine: Ending in a consonant

Singular: किताब (kitab)
Plural: किताबें (kitabe~)

Feminine: Ending in -a or -u

Singular: आध्यापीका (adhyapika)
Plural: आध्यापीकाएं (adhyapikae~)

At last you know the cases in Hindi. Now (believe me) you know almost all grammar in Hindi! Congats! Now we can extend our well-know sentences and make them look really long. Let's try:

सफेद घर में लडकिया अच्छी रोटी खातीं हैं. (safed ghar men larkiya acchi roti khati~ hai~). = The girls eat tasty bread in the white house.
मैं कमरे नें ठण्डा पानी पी रहा हूँ और लडकी अच्छी राटी खा रही है. (mai~ kamre me~ thanda pani pi raha hu~ aur larki acchi rati kha rahi hai). = I'm drinking cold water in the room and the girl is eating tasty bread.
etc. The point is, whenever you wanna say "in", "at", "on", "of" etc of something, you have to use the oblique case, since you use the word with a postposition. Note for example how it is: "kamre me~", not "kamra me~", because we use the postposition "in" (me~).

Now I want to explain you the use of the postposition particle "ka", meaning "of".

Use of the postposition "का" (ka) = OF

1. Since it's a postposition you always have to use the word preceding it in the Oblique case.
2. Second thing you have to know about it is, that it could (and should :) change to ke/ki according to the word following it (the subject).

In English we say "the house of the girl". In Hindi that should be said as "the girl of the house". In this case "the girl" should be in oblique case and house of course (since obviously is the subject) is in the direct case. Our example will be in Hindi "Ladki ka ghar" (लडकी का घर). But if we use a feminine word for a subject "ka" changes to "ki" as in "Ladki ki sari" (लडकी की साड़ी), meaning "the sari of the girl" (sari is a traditional indian female clothing). Then if we want to say "the houses of the girl" we have to say "larki ke ghar" (लडकी के घर). I think you got the idea. Now we can build even bigger sentences...

The last thing I should tell you about in this lesson is the use of the particle (postposition) "ko". It's could be translated as "to", but in some cases it shouldn't be translated at all. That's so because actually it's the accusative or dative marker. If somebody is the receiver of an action (or the verb) you have to use that particle.

Use of the postposition "को" (ko)

I'll give firstly some examples and then explain you:

लडका लडकियों को पानी देता है. (larka larkiyo~ ko pani deta hai) = The boy gives water to the girls.
लडका लडकियों को किताबें देता है. (larka larkiyo~ ko kitabe~ deta hai) = The boy gives the books to the girls.
मैं लडके को जानता हूँ. (mai~ larke ko janta hu~) = I know the boy.
मैं लडकी को जानता हूँ. (mai~ larki ko janta hu~) = I know the girl.
मैं लडकों को जानता हूँ. (mai~ larko~ ko janta hu~) = I know the boys.
मैं लडकियों को जानता हूँ. (mai~ larkiyo~ ko janta hu~) = I know the girls.

Possessive Pronouns : का kaa

In today’s we’re going to learn all about the Hindi word का kaa. This word is super common, it comes up so, so much so this lesson is going to be important! Ready?
Ok so your first question is probably, what does का kaa even mean? Well, we usually translate it as either ‘s’ or ‘of’. It’s used to show ownership, to show that someone or something ‘owns’ something else.
Let me tell you one more thing and then we’ll jump straight into looking at some examples! का kaa is a Postposition, just as we learnt about in . This means that the noun before का kaa must be in the oblique case, as we saw in . I’ll explain more as about this we go though. Anyway, ready to see an example?

बिल्ली का खाना billee kaa khaanaa - The Cat’s food.
So what’s happened here? Well, it’s so easy, we have बिल्ली का billee kaa - which means “the cat’s” and then we have खाना khaanaa - which means food. So all together we have बिल्ली का खाना billee kaa khaanaa - The Cat’s food. Following? Ready for another example?

शाहिद का घर shaahid kaa ghar - Shahid’s House
So what have we done this time? Well, just like last time we have used शाहिद का shaahid kaa to mean “Shahid’s” (Shahid is an Indian males name if you didn’t know!) and then we simply have घर ghar - house. So all together it’s शाहिद का घर shaahid kaa ghar - Shahid’s House. Simple!
Now, just like the Possessive Pronouns we’ve covered in the last few lessons, का kaa changes to के ke when whats ‘owned’ is Masculine Plural and it changes to की kee when what’s owned is Feminine. Remember that it changes depending on what’s owned and not on who is ‘doing the owning’! Let me show you some more examples…

नेहा की बेटी nehaa kee betee - Neha’s daughter
So can you see that here we use don’t use का kaa and instead we use की kee because बेटी betee - daughter is a feminine noun!

लड़के की किताब larke kee kitaab - The boy’s book
So what’s happened here? Well again we use की kee because किताब kitaab - book is feminine. Also something else to note is that because we are using a postposition the word लड़का larkaa - boy goes into the Oblique case and becomes लड़के larke, as we learnt in. Do you understand? This can be a little confusing so if you’re lost then please leave me a comment below!
In fact you can even use का kaa more than once in a single sentence!

आदमी के बेटे के कुत्ते aadmee ke bete ke kutte - The man’s son’s dogs
Now this example is a little bit confusing so don’t worry too much if you’ve got lost! Ready to look at something even more advance? It’s so easy to turn what we’ve learnt today into fuller and complete sentences. Let me give you a few examples…

लड़की की साड़ी सुन्दर है larkee kee saaree sundar hai - The girl’s Sari is beautiful

राज के कपड़े गंदे हैं raaj ke kapre gande hain - Raj’s clothes are dirty
Don’t worry too much if you can’t understand the last two examples, they are quite complicated! I just wanted to give you an quick look at how का kaa is used in real life sentences!
Hopefully now you know how to correctly use का kaa in Hindi! Don’t forget to ask me any questions if you have them in a comment just below.

Verb list

Verb list

A

to advance	-	age barhna
to answer	-	jawab dena
to arrive	-	ana, pahunchana
to attack	-	hamla karna
to attempt	-	koshish karna

B

to bathe	-	nahana
to be	-	hona
to bear	-	sahna
to beat	-	marna
to beg	-	mangna
to behave	-	bartav karna
to believe	-	vishwas karna
to be sleepy	-	nind ana
to be tired	-	thakna
to bind	-	bandhna
to bite	-	katna
to break	-	torna
to breakfast	-	nasta karna
to bring	-	lana
to bring up	-	palna
to burn	-	jalna, jalana
to burst	-	phutana
to bury	-	dafnana

C

to call	-	bulana
to care	-	parwah karna
to cast	-	dhalna
to catch	-	pakarna
to change	-	badalna
to clean	-	saf karna
to climb	-	charhna
to comb	-	kanghi karna
to come	-	ana
to converse	-	bat karna
to cook	-	pakana
to copy	-	nakal karna
to cover	-	dhakna
to creep	-	rengna
to cry	-	chillana, rona
to cruch	-	kuchalna
to cut	-	katna

D

to depart	-	juda hona, alag hona, jana
to decend	-	utarna
to dig	-	khodna
to die	-	marna
to dine	-	khana khana
to do	-	karna
to dream	-	sapna dekhna
to drink	-	pina
to dry	-	sukhna, sukhana
to dye	-	rangna

E

to eat	-	khana
to excuse	-	maf karna
to expect	-	asha karna
to explain	-	samjhana
to express	-	vichar prakat karna

F

to fall	-	girna
to fear	-	darna
to fight	-	larna
to fill	-	bharna
to fly (in air)	-	urna
to fly (run away)	-	bhag jana
to forget	-	bhulna
to forgive	-	maf karna

G

to get	-	pana
to get up	-	uthana
to give	-	dena
to go	-	jana

H

to have	-	hona, rakhna
to hate	-	nafarat karna
to hear	-	sunna
to help	-	sahayata dena, madad dena
to hide	-	chhipana

I

to improve	-	thik karna
to irrigate	-	pani dena
to irritate	-	chirhana, naraz karna

J

to jump	-	kudna
to join	-	jorna
to judge	-	vichar karna

K

to keep	-	rakhna
to kick	-	thokar marna
to kill	-	marna
to kiss	-	chumna, chumma lena
to know	-	janna

L

to laugh	-	hansna
to lead	-	karne dena
to learn	-	sikhna
to let	-	makan kiraye dena
to lie (on bed)	-	letna
to lie (speak)	-	jhuth bolna
to lift	-	uthana
to like	-	chahna
to live (reside)	-	rahna
to live (not to die)	-	jina
to look	-	dekhna
to lose	-	khona
to love	-	pyar karna

M

to make	-	banana
to measure	-	napna
to mould	-	dhalna
to move	-	sarkana

N

to nibble

-

kutarna

O

to open	-	kholna
to order	-	hukum dena

P

to pat	-	thapthapana
to pay	-	dena
to play	-	khelna
to play (music)	-	baja bajana
to pour	-	dalna
to promise	-	vada karna
to pronounce	-	bolna
to pull	-	khinchna
to push	-	dhakka dena
to put	-	rakhna

Q

to quarral

-

jhagra karna

R

to read	-	parhna
to receive	-	pana
to recollect	-	yad karna
to recommend	-	sifarish karna
to reject	-	napasnd karna
to reply	-	jawab dena
to ride	-	charhna
to rise	-	uthana

S

to say	-	kahna
to scold	-	dantna
to see	-	dekhna, talash karna
to seek	-	dhundhana
to sell	-	bechna
to send	-	bhejna
to sew	-	sina
to shake	-	hilna
to shout	-	chillana
to show	-	dikhana
to shut	-	band karna
to sing	-	gana
to sit	-	baithna
to sleep	-	sona
to smell	-	sunghana
to solve	-	hal karna
to sow	-	bona
to speak	-	bolna
to spin	-	katna
to spit	-	thukna
to stay	-	thaharna
to steal	-	churana
to stop	-	thaharna, tharana
to swim	-	tairna

T

to take	-	lena
to talk	-	batchit karna
to taste	-	chakhna
to tear	-	pharna
to tease	-	tang karna
to tell	-	kahna, batana
to think	-	sochna

U

to understand

-

samajhna

V

to vomit

-

ulti karna

W

to walk	-	chalna, ghumna
to wander	-	idhar-udhar phirna
to wash	-	dhona
to waste	-	barbad karna
to weep	-	rona
to weave	-	bunna

Syntax

Hindi uses a different word order than English. The main differences are that verbs are placed at the end of the sentence (like in German) and that Hindi (like other Indian languages) uses postpositions instead of prepositions. Postpositions are like prepositions except that they are written after the noun.

Normal sentencesEnglish: Subject Verb Object => I learn Hindi
Hindi: Subject Object Verb => I Hindi learn

English: Subject Verb Preposition Object => I go to the shop
Hindi: Subject Object Postposition Verb => I shop to go

Imperative sentences

English: Verb Place Adverb => Come here now
Hindi: Place Adverb Verb => Here now come

English: Verb Negative Verb Adverb => Do not eat quickly
Hindi: Adverb Negative Verb => Quickly not eat

Interrogate sentences

English: Adverb Aux.Verb Subject Verb => What are you drawing?
Hindi: Subject Adverb Verb => You what draw?

bhee - Too, Also

In today’s lesson we’re going to cover just one single word (how easy can one lesson be hey!). The word we’re going to look at is भी bhee. Have you ever seen it or heard it before? It’s a really common word so I bet you have! As usual there’s a few questions at the end to test your knowledge from today so give them a go once you’ve finished!

So what does भी bhee mean and how do we use it? Well it’s actually really simple, it means ‘also’ or ‘too’ and we use it just like we would in English! Let’s have a look at a simple example to start with…



दीपा छोटी है deepaa chotee hai - Deepa is small

अमित भी छोटा है amit bhee chotaa hai - Amit also is small

Can you see what we’ve done here? We’ve simply put our new word भी bhee right after अमित Amit to tell us that Amit, as well as Deepa, is short. Does that make sense? Read through a few times if you’re confused. Ready for another example?

यह कछुआ हरा है yeh kachuaa haraa hai - This turtle is green

ये अंगूर भी हरे हैं ye angooj bhee hare hain - These grapes too are green

Can you follow this example too? We first say the turtle is green. Then we put भी bhee right after ये अंगूर ye angoor - These grapes, to show that the grapes, as well as the turtle is green. It’s just like the last example! Do you think you’ve got it now? Leave a question below if you’re confused. Do you want to see one more simple example like this?




मैं अमेरिका से हूँ main amerikaa se hoon - I am from America

मेरी पत्नी भी अमेरिका से है meree patnee bhee amerikaa se hai
- My wife is also from America

Can you see what we’ve done this time? Great! Now भी bhee can also be used in a slightly different way which often confuses people! Let’s look at an example of this…



शान्ति लंबी है shaanti lambee hai - Shanti is tall

वह बहुत होशियार भी है voh bahut hoshiyaar bhee hai
- She is very clever too

Can you see what we’ve done here? It’s actually a little different from before! In the first sentence we say ‘Shanti is tall’. Then in the next sentence we put भी bhee right after बहुत होशियार bahut hosiyaar - Very Clever to mean; ‘She is very clever as well as being tall’. Putting our word भी bhee in the right place of a sentence is very important! Ready for one more example?



यह ट्रेन लाल है yeh tren laal hai - This train is red

यह काफ़ी पुरानी भी है yeh kaafee puraanee bhee hai
- It is also quite old

Can you see what we’ve done? We put भी bhee after काफ़ी पुरानी kaafee puraanee - quite old, to mean; The train is quite old as well as being red.

Do you think you’ve got it now? I told you it was simple! Can you now try and translate the following few sentences using what we’ve just learnt? Give it a go. Remember the most important thing is to get भी bhee in the right place! If you have any questions at all then please just leave a comment below.
She is from India. She is also beautiful.
My room is clean. Your room is clean too.
This book is big. That book is also big.
My bed is big. It is also very comfortable (आराम aaraam - Comfortable)

So why not give it a try, just leave your answers in a comment below and I’ll let you know how well you’ve done. Don’t forget to also leave me any questions if you have them!

You

 the three words for ‘you’ in Hindi.We have आप aap, तुम tum and तू too.

आप aap - For formal situations, when talking to someone older or to so show respect.

तुम tum - For friends or colleagues (the most common).

तू  too  - For intimate situations or talking to young children

Greetings

Greetings - Mubarak ho
Happy New Year - Nav varsh ki shubh kamanayein
Good morning - Shubh prabhat, Su prabhat
Good evening - Shubh sandhya
Good night - Shubh ratri
Meet again, see you again - Fir miltein hain
Let us meet again - Fir milenge
Take care - Apna khayal rakhna
I miss you / I remember you a lot - Mujhe tum bahut yaad aate ho
Next Week - Agle hafte
God is one - Ishwar eik hai
With Compliments of - Sabhivadan
Happy anniversary - Varshgaanth ki shubh kamanayein
Happy New Year - Nav Varsh ki shubh kamanayein
Happy Holidays - Chuttiyo Ki Shubh kaamnayein
Happy birthday - Janmdin ki shubh kamanayein, Janmdin Mubarak
Very Happy Birthday - Janam Din Bahut Mubarak Ho
Very Very Happy Birthday - Janam Din Bahut Bahut Mubarak Ho

Impolite Hindi Phrase Collection 4/6